The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other — creating an edifice composed of a number of “steps” that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Step Pyramid of Djoser — which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep’s achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.

The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist pharaonic rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, those near Giza, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed.

Long after the end of Egypt’s own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief and ceased in 661 BC, the Egyptian influence made an indelible impression, and during the later Sudanese Kingdom of Meroe (approximately in the period between 300 BC–300 AD) this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred indigenous, but Egyptian-inspired royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom’s capital cities.

The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramids is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senwosret at el-Lahun was Senwosret is Shining.

While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One theory is that they were designed as a type of “resurrection machine. ”

The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extends from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh’s soul directly into the abode of the gods.

All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which as the site of the setting sun was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology

With the tomb of Ptahmes though, there were clues scattered all over the world. Some of the artefacts that had been looted in the 19th century now reside in museums in the United States, the Netherlands, Italy, and even in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. These artefacts all contained information about the tomb, giving their own clues. Pillars that were removed from the tomb, for example are now kept in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.
The expedition’s spokeswoman Heba Mostapha on the damage caused by these early tomb raiders:
“Part of the destruction we found in the grave was because its pillars were used to build churches in the Christian period and it was looted in the 19th century in the period of Mohammed Ali Pasha,”
Even though the tomb was already looted in the 19th century, when the rediscovery was finally made by the team from Cairo University’s archaeology department they found a range of artefacts including several stelae, amulets including an eye of Horus, shabtis, fragments of statues of Ptahmes and his wife and/or daughter. Scenes of people fishing in boats made of bundles of papyrus reeds can be seen on the walls as well as offerings to deities and the deceased, and his family worshipping a trinity of gods, Amun, his wife Mut and their son Khonsu.
Though the tomb is very large at 70 meters in length with passages and rooms branching from it, the team have not yet found the mummy of the mayor himself. The search continues for the main burial chamber of the tomb where the team hope to find the body of Ptahmes and perhaps also the body his wife.

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For the corpse to be properly dried and free of moisture the organs needed to be removed and treated individually. The liver, lungs, intestines and stomach were dried with natron to prevent them from decaying inside the body. The heart was left in place and the brain removed and discarded.
The removed organs were individually embalmed and placed inside jars, then placed inside a funerary chest which was entombed with the body. Niches in the walls of burial chambers held the chest containing the organs and in Old Kingdom pyramids from the 6th Dynasty the canopic chest was buried in the floor of the chamber at the foot of the sarcophagus.
Each of the four organs had a god associated with them and the lids of the jars were sometimes shaped in the head of that particular organ’s god. These are known as the Four Sons of Horus.

The hour lecture went well. There were some questions about details, but no one had any serious objections to the theory, or at least they didn’t mention any. In the audience was the former manager of Peugeot/Citroën who had been in charge of digital designing and manufacturing. He understood how heroic Jean-Pierre’s solitary effort at digitally reconstructing the Great Pyramid was, and he was equally impressed with the theory itself. He thought it was correct. He was familiar with Dassault Systèmes’ software and thought that if Jean-Pierre had access to their programs he could take his simulations to another level. Dassault Group is a multibillion-dollar corporation founded by Marcel Dassault, father of the famous the Mirage jet. One of their divisions, Dassault Systèmes, designs 3-D engineering software. Without telling Jean-Pierre, he called Dassault Systèmes and told them about this obsessed genius in a studio apartment in Paris who seemed to have solved the riddle of the Great Pyramid on his computer